- Oversimplicfication - the tendency to provide simple solutions to complex problems e.g. The reason we have inflation today is that OPEC has unreasonably raised the price of oil.
- Non sequitur ("It does not follow") - an inference or conclusion that does not follow from established premises or evidence e.g. It was the best movie I saw this year so it should get an academy award.
- Post hoc, ergo propter hoc (After this, therefore because of this) - Confusing chance or coincidence with causation. Because one event comes after another one, it does not necessarily mean that the first event caused the second e.g. I won't say that I caught cold at the hockey game, but I certainly didn't have it before I went there.
- Begging the question - Assuming in a premise that needs to be proven e.g. If American auto workers built a better product, foreign auto sales would not be so high.
- False analogy - making a misleading analogy between logically unconnected ideas e.g. He was a brilliant basketball player, therefore, there's no question in my mind that he will be a fine coach.
- Either/or thinking - the tendency to see an issue as having only two sides e.g. Used car salespeople are either honest or crooked.
A type of argumentative proof having to do with the logical qualities of an argument: data, evidence, factual information.
Metaphor - don't think you need this one. message me if you do.
Metonymy - figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it. For example, a crown in associated with royalty, and is often used as a metonym for royal authority: "The edict issued today by the Crown forbids grazing in the commons".
Mood - the prevailing or dominant feeling of a work, scene or event. Mood is similar to, but not the same as, atmosphere.
Narration - one of the four basic types of prose. To narrate is to tell a story. Most often used in fiction, but is often used in nonfiction in conjunction with other types of prose.
Objective/Subjective - Objective writing is factual and impersonal whereas subjective writing, sometimes called impressionistic writing, relies heavily on personal interpretation.
Onomatopoeia - an effect created by words that have sounds that reinforce their meaning e.g. zoom, crash, screech, hiss, swish, splash
Opinion - a belief or conclusion not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof. An opinion reveals personal feelings or attitudes or states a position. Opinion should not be confused with argument.
Organization - thoughtful arrangement and presentation of one's points or ideas. Narration is most often organized chronologically, while exposition may be organized from simplest to most complex. There is no single correct pattern of organization for a given piece of writing but good writers are careful to discover an order of presentation suitable for their audience and their purpose.
Overview - a brief summary of the whole work
Oxymoron - combining two contradictory words in one expression e.g. wild docility
Pacing - speed of a story's action dialogue or narration. some stories are told slowly. Events happen at certain speeds according to the narrator's purpose. For example, action movies are often fast paced, but when their pacing slows, the audience knows that the section is being given special emphasis.
Paradox - a seeming contradiction that in fact reveals some truth. e.g. he lifted himself up by his bootstraps (physically impossible, and thus reveals the enormity of the person's achievement)
Paragraph - don't think you need this one, but message me if you do.
Parallelism - a literary technique that relies on the use of the same syntactical structures (phrases, clauses, sentences) in a series in order to develop an argument or emphasize an idea.
Parallel structure is the repetition of word order or form either within a single sentence or in several sentences that develop the same central idea e.g. "At sea, on land, in the air, we will be loyal to the very end" "I see one third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished."
Parody - an effort to ridicule or make fun of a literary work or an author by writing an imitation of the work or an author's style.
Pathos - a sympathetic feeling of pity or compassion evoked by an artistic work. In rhetorical writing, authors often attempt to persuade readers by appealing to their sense of pathos, or their emotions.
A type of argumentative proof having to do with audience: emotional language, connotative diction and appeals to certain values.
Person - a grammatical term that describes the relationship of a writer or a speaker to an audience by examining the pronouns that are used. Depending on the choice of pronoun, narration is said to be written in first person (I, we), second person (you/y'all) or third person (he, she, it, they)
Persona - the character created by the voice and the narration of the speaker of a text. The term "persona" implies a fictional representation or an act of disguise (that the speaker is not the author, but a created character)
Personification - a figure of speech in which ideas or objects are described as having human qualities or personalities e.g. The saddened birch trees were bent to the ground, laden with ice; they groaned and shivered in the cold winds.
Point of view - the particular perspective from which a story is told e.g. subjective, omniscient, limited third person, first person.
Prewriting - the steps taken before actually writing a piece - deciding topic and purpose/audience, researching, brainstorming, making connections
Process analysis - type of exposition. Answers the question "how?". Explains how something works or gives step-by-step directions for doing something.
Publication - when the writer shares his or her writing with the intended audience. Can take the form of a typed or oral presentation. The important part is that the writer's words are read in what amounts to their final form.
Pun - a play on words. created by using a word that has two different meanings or using two different words with similar meanings.
purpose - what the writer wants to accomplish in a particular piece of writing.
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